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Siilinjärvi Carbonatite Intrusion, Siilinjärvi, North Savo, Finlandi
Regional Level Types
Siilinjärvi Carbonatite IntrusionIntrusion
SiilinjärviMunicipality
North SavoRegion
FinlandCountry

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PhotosMapsSearch
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
63° 1' North , 27° 44' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
63.01667,27.73333
GeoHash:
G#: ue5wrpff9
GRN:
N43E10
Type:
Intrusion
Age:
2617 ± 9.6 to 2594 ± 13 Ma
Geologic Time:
Neoarchean
Dating method:
U-Pb and Pb-Pb
Köppen climate type:
Dfc : Subarctic climate
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Siilinjärvi20,209 (2014)8.1km
Kuopio89,104 (2014)14.1km
Maaninka3,638 (2015)26.7km
Nilsiä6,474 (2015)27.5km
Vehmersalmi1,889 (2014)32.1km
Mindat Locality ID:
345120
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:345120:8
GUID (UUID V4):
46b2a058-a221-4ed3-8a4c-89d8d783fd64


Carbonatite intrusion of unusual form c. 16 km long from north to south, but is less than 1 km wide over most of its length (Puustinen 1971). Scattered outcrops to the north indicate that it may have a length of as much as 22 km.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List


14 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Aegirine-augite
Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Fergusonite'
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Mica Group'
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Microcline
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'
Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Richterite
Formula: Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite
Formula: KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
ⓘ Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)
References:
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘDolomite5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘZircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘAegirine-augite9.DA.20(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘActinolite9.DE.10◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘRichterite9.DE.20Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘTetraferriphlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
ⓘMicrocline9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
Unclassified
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Feldspar Group
var. Perthite'		-
ⓘ'Mica Group'-
ⓘ'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'-
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Fergusonite'-
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Rhombohedral Carbonate'-(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
CCarbon
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
OOxygen
Oⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FFluorine
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
NaSodium
Naⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mgⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Mgⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
SiSilicon
Siⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ RichteriteNa(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Caⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
MnManganese
Mnⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FeIron
Feⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Feⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Neoarchean to Statherian : 2580 ± 200 Ma to 1790 ± 30 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Precambrian
 Proterozoic
  Paleoproterozoic
   Statherian
ⓘ Phlogopite (youngest age)1790 ± 30 Ma
   Orosirian
ⓘ Phlogopite (oldest age)2030 ± 30 Ma
   Rhyacian
ⓘ Actinolite2260 ± 42 Ma
ⓘ Richterite (youngest age)2280 ± 40 Ma
    
  
 Archean
  Neoarchean
ⓘ Richterite (oldest age)2530 ± 45 Ma
ⓘ Søvite2580 ± 200 Ma

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

Baltic Shield (Fennoscandian Shield)Shield
Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate
EuropeContinent

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.

References

Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland. Bulletin e la Comission Geologique de Finlande, 249, 1-43.
Puustinnen, K. & Kauppinen, H. 1989. The Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, eastern Finland.
Puustinen, K. (1972). Richterite and actinolite from the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bull Geol Soc Finland, 44, 83-86.
Puustinen, K. A. U. K. O. (1973). Tetraferriphlogopite from the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 45, 35-42.
Kononova, V. A., Shanin, L. L., & Arakelyants, M. M. (1974). Times of formation of alkaline massifs and carbonatites. International Geology Review, 16(10), 1119-1130.
Puustinen, K. (1974). DOLOMITE EXSOLUTION TEXTURES IN CALCITE FROM THE SIILINJAERVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX, FINLAND, 46, 151-159.
Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E., & Tatsumoto, M. (1982). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78(3), 279-297.
Tilton, G. R. (1983). Evolution of depleted mantle: the lead perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(7), 1191-1197.
Basu, A. R., Goodwin, A. M., & Tatsumoto, M. (1984). SmNd study of Archean alkalic rocks from the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. Earth and planetary science letters, 70(1), 40-46.
Ingrid, H. K. (1998). Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. Journal of Petrology, 39(11-12), 2105-2121.
O'Brien, H. E., Peltonen, P., & Vartiainen, H. (2005). Kimberlites, carbonatites, and alkaline rocks. In Developments in Precambrian Geology (Vol. 14, pp. 605-644). Elsevier.
Notholt, A. J. G., Sheldon, R. P., & Davidson, D. F. (Eds.). (2005). Phosphate deposits of the world: volume 2, phosphate rock resources (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press. 394-397.
Rukhlov, A. S., & Bell, K. (2010). Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution. Mineralogy and Petrology, 98(1-4), 11-54.
Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M. J., Gerdes, A., Götze, J., Schulz, B., & Belyatsky, B. V. (2013). Different zircon recrystallization types in carbonatites caused by magma mixing: Evidence from U–Pb dating, trace element and isotope composition (Hf and O) of zircons from two Precambrian carbonatites from Fennoscandia. Chemical Geology, 353, 173-198.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E., & Heino, P. (2015). The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In Mineral deposits of Finland (pp. 327-343). Elsevier.
Woolley A.R. (2019) Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. Part 4: Antarctica, Asia and Europe, p.317
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