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Paragenetic Mode 45b : Oxidized fumarolic minerals (see also [#11]) : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals]

Return to the list of paragentic modes

Description

Volcanic fumaroles produce a remarkable variety of relatively oxidized mineral species. It is suggested that these minerals could only have been precipitated after the GOE.

Stage

Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event - Age: <2.4 Ga
45 : Oxidized fumarolic minerals (see also [#11])
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]
45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals]
46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22)
47 : Low-𝑇 subaerial oxidative hydration, weathering (see also #16 and #23)
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates]
47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates]
47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates]
47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals]
47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals]
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
47i : [Terrestrial weathering of meteorites]

Minerals

Click on a button to filter by elements. Green = must include. Black = must exclude. Mineral names listed in bold are exclusively known from this paragenetic mode.

MineralFormulaCrystal System
Acmonidesite(NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8Orthorhombic
Adranosite(NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2Tetragonal
Adranosite-(Fe)(NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2Tetragonal
AiolositeNa4Bi(SO4)3ClHexagonal
Aleutite[Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4)·(Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)ClMonoclinic
AllochalcoseliteCu+PbCu2+5(SeO3)2Cl5O2Monoclinic
Alpersite(Mg,Cu)(SO4)·7H2OMonoclinic
Aluminopyracmonite(NH4)3Al(SO4)3Trigonal
AlumoklyuchevskiteK3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2Triclinic
Ammineite[CuCl2(NH3)2]Orthorhombic
AntarcticiteCaCl2·6H2OTrigonal
AntleriteCu3(SO4)(OH)4Orthorhombic
ArcaniteK2SO4Orthorhombic
ArctiteNa2Ca4(PO4)3FTrigonal
Argesite(NH4)7Bi3Cl16 Trigonal
ArsenatrotitaniteNaTi(AsO4)OMonoclinic
ArsenowagneriteMg2(AsO4)FMonoclinic
ArsmiranditeNa18Cu12Fe3+O8(AsO4)8Cl5Monoclinic
ArtroeitePb[AlF3(OH)2]Triclinic
AtacamiteCu2(OH)3ClOrthorhombic
AtlasoviteK(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3ClTetragonal
AubertiteCuAl(SO4)2Cl·14H2OTriclinic
AvdoniniteK2Cu5(OH)4Cl8·H2OMonoclinic
AverieviteCu6(VO4)2O2Cl2Trigonal
Avogadrite(K,Cs)[BF4]Orthorhombic
AxeliteNa14Cu7(AsO4)8F2Cl2Tetragonal
Bannermanite(Na,K)0.7V4+0.7V5+5.3O15Monoclinic
Bararite(NH4)2[SiF6]Trigonal
Barberiite(NH4)[BF4]Orthorhombic
BelloiteCu(OH)ClMonoclinic
BelogubiteCuZn(SO4)2·10H2OTriclinic
BelousoviteKZn(SO4)ClMonoclinic
BischofiteMgCl2·6H2OMonoclinic
Blossiteα-Cu2(V2O7)Orthorhombic
BonattiteCuSO4·3H2OMonoclinic
BoothiteCuSO4·7H2OMonoclinic
BorisenkoiteCu3[(V,As)O4]2Monoclinic
Boussingaultite(NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
Brontesite(NH4)3PbCl5Orthorhombic
BruciteMg(OH)2Trigonal
BurkeiteNa6(CO3)(SO4)2Orthorhombic
BurnsiteKCdCu2+7(SeO3)2O2Cl9Hexagonal
CadwaladeriteAl5(H2O)3(OH)12·n(Cl,H2O)Isometric
CalcioaravaipaitePbCa2AlF9Triclinic
CalciteCaCO3Trigonal
CaledonitePb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6Orthorhombic
Campostriniite(Bi3+,Na)3(NH4,K)2Na2(SO4)6·H2OMonoclinic
CarnalliteKMgCl3·6H2OOrthorhombic
CarobbiiteKFIsometric
CerussitePbCO3Orthorhombic
ChalcanthiteCuSO4·5H2OTriclinic
ChalcocyaniteCuSO4Orthorhombic
ChallacolloiteKPb2Cl5Monoclinic
ChloraluminiteAlCl3·6H2OTrigonal
ChlorartiniteMg2(CO3)(OH)Cl·2H2OTrigonal
ChlorkyuygeniteCa12Al14O32[(H2O)4Cl2]Isometric
ChlormanganokaliteK4[MnCl6]Trigonal
ChlormayeniteCa12Al14O32[◻4Cl2]Isometric
ChlorocalciteKCaCl3Orthorhombic
ChloromagnesiteMgCl2Trigonal
ChloromeniteCu9(SeO3)4O2Cl6Monoclinic
ChlorothioniteK2Cu(SO4)Cl2Orthorhombic
ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4·nH2O, x < 1Orthorhombic
ChrysothalliteK6Cu6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4·H2OTetragonal
ChubaroviteKZn2(BO3)Cl2Trigonal
ClinometaboriteHBO2 Monoclinic
CoparsiteCu4(AsO4,VO4)O2ClOrthorhombic
CopperCuIsometric
Cossaite(Mg0.5,◻)Al6(SO4)6(HSO4)F6·36H2OTrigonal
CotunnitePbCl2Orthorhombic
CreediteCa3SO4Al2F8(OH)2·2H2OMonoclinic
CryobostryxiteKZnCl3·2H2OMonoclinic
CryoliteNa2NaAlF6Monoclinic
Cryptohalite(NH4)2[SiF6]Isometric
CumengeitePb21Cu20Cl42(OH)40·6H2OTetragonal
CupriteCu2OIsometric
CupromolybditeCu3O(MoO4)2Orthorhombic
CyanochroiteK2Cu(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
D'AnsiteNa21Mg(SO4)10Cl3Isometric
DaubréeiteBiO(OH)Tetragonal
Deltalumite(Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4Tetragonal
DemartiniteK2[SiF6]Hexagonal
DioskouriiteCaCu4Cl6(OH)4·4H2OMonoclinic
DokuchaeviteCu8O2(VO4)3Cl3Triclinic
DolerophaniteCu2(SO4)OMonoclinic
DravertiteCuMg(SO4)2Monoclinic
DurangiteNaAl(AsO4)FMonoclinic
Efremovite(NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3Isometric
ElasmochloiteNa3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5Monoclinic
EldfelliteNaFe3+(SO4)2Monoclinic
EltyubyuiteCa12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6Isometric
EpsomiteMgSO4·7H2OOrthorhombic
EriochalciteCuCl2·2H2OOrthorhombic
ErythrosideriteK2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)]Orthorhombic
EsseneiteCaFe3+[AlSiO6]Monoclinic
EuchlorineKNaCu3(SO4)3OMonoclinic
EvdokimoviteTl4(VO)3(SO4)5(H2O)5Monoclinic
EvseeviteNa2Mg(AsO4)FOrthorhombic
FedotoviteK2Cu3(SO4)3OMonoclinic
FerrisanidineK[Fe3+Si3O8]Monoclinic
Ferroefremovite(NH4)2Fe2+2(SO4)3Isometric
FerrucciteNa[BF4]Orthorhombic
FingeriteCu11(VO4)6O2Triclinic
FlinteiteK2ZnCl4Orthorhombic
FluoboriteMg3(BO3)(F,OH)3Hexagonal
FluornatrocoulselliteCaNa3AlMg3F14Trigonal
GearksutiteCa[Al(F,OH)5(H2O)]Triclinic
GeorgbokiiteCu5(SeO3)2O2Cl2Monoclinic
GhiaraiteCaCl2·4H2OTriclinic
Godovikovite(NH4)Al(SO4)2Trigonal
GrigorieviteCu3Fe3+2Al2(VO4)6Triclinic
HaliteNaClIsometric
HedyphaneCa2Pb3(AsO4)3ClHexagonal
HeklaiteKNaSiF6Orthorhombic
HematiteFe2O3Trigonal
HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2OOrthorhombic
HephaistositeTlPb2Cl5Monoclinic
HermannjahniteCuZn(SO4)2Monoclinic
HexahydriteMgSO4·6H2OMonoclinic
HieratiteK2[SiF6]Isometric
HoltedahliteMg2(PO4)(OH)Trigonal
HowardevansiteNaCuFe2(VO4)3Triclinic
Hydrokenoralstonite Na0.5(Al,Mg)2(F,OH)6·H2O Isometric
HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6Monoclinic
Ilinskite(Na,K)Cu5(SeO3)2O2Cl3Orthorhombic
IndialiteMg2Al3(AlSi5O18)Hexagonal
JakobssoniteCaAlF5Monoclinic
KainiteKMg(SO4)Cl·3H2OMonoclinic
KainotropiteCu4Fe3+O2(V2O7)(VO4)Orthorhombic
KalithalliteK3Tl3+Cl6·2H2OTetragonal
KamchatkiteKCu3(SO4)2OClOrthorhombic
KarpoviteTl2VO(SO4)2(H2O)Monoclinic
KhademiteAl(SO4)F·5H2OOrthorhombic
KlyuchevskiteK3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2Monoclinic
KnasibfiteK3Na4[SiF6]3[BF4]Orthorhombic
KobyasheviteCu5(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2OTriclinic
KogarkoiteNa3(SO4)FMonoclinic
KoksharoviteCaMg2Fe3+4(VO4)6Triclinic
Koktaite(NH4)2Ca(SO4)2·H2OMonoclinic
KononoviteNaMg(SO4)FMonoclinic
KonyaiteNa2Mg(SO4)2·5H2OMonoclinic
KrasheninnikoviteKNa2CaMg(SO4)3FHexagonal
Kremersite(NH4,K)2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)]Orthorhombic
KröhnkiteNa2Cu(SO4)2·2H2OMonoclinic
KumtyubeiteCa5(SiO4)2F2Monoclinic
LafossaiteTl(Cl,Br)Isometric
LammeriteCu3(AsO4)2Monoclinic
Larderellite(NH4)B5O7(OH)2·H2OMonoclinic
Lawrencite(Fe2+,Ni)Cl2Trigonal
Lecontite(NH4,K)NaSO4·2H2OOrthorhombic
Lehmannite Na18Cu12TiO8(AsO4)8FCl5Monoclinic
LeningraditePbCu3(VO4)2ClOrthorhombic
LeonardseniteMgAlF5·2H2O Orthorhombic
Lonecreekite(NH4)Fe3+(SO4)2·12H2OIsometric
Lucabindiite(K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br)Hexagonal
LudwigiteMg2Fe3+(BO3)O2Orthorhombic
LyonsiteCu3Fe4(VO4)6Orthorhombic
Magnesioaubertite(Mg,Cu)Al(SO4)2Cl·14H2OTriclinic
MagnesioferriteMgFe3+2O4Isometric
MagnetiteFe2+Fe3+2O4Isometric
MalladriteNa2[SiF6]Trigonal
MarinaiteCu2Fe3+O2(BO3)Monoclinic
MarkhininiteTlBi(SO4)2Triclinic
Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4Orthorhombic
MatlockitePbFClTetragonal
MaxwelliteNaFe3+(AsO4)FMonoclinic
McbirneyiteCu3(VO4)2Triclinic
MelanothalliteCu2Cl2OOrthorhombic
MellizinkaliteK3Zn2Cl7Triclinic
MeniayloviteCa4[(SO4)(SiF6)(AlF6)]F·12H2OIsometric
MetaboriteHBO2Isometric
MetathénarditeNa2SO4Hexagonal
MichalskiiteFe3+1.33Cu2+2(MgFe3+)2(VO4)6Orthorhombic
MimetitePb5(AsO4)3ClHexagonal
MitscherlichiteK2CuCl4·2H2OTetragonal
Mohrite(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
MolybditeMoO3Orthorhombic
MolysiteFeCl3Trigonal
MonteponiteCdOIsometric
NabokoiteKCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OClTetragonal
NantokiteCuClIsometric
NataliyamalikiteTlIOrthorhombic
NatriteNa2CO3Monoclinic
NicksoboleviteCu7(SeO3)2O2Cl6Monoclinic
Novograblenovite(NH4)MgCl3·6H2OMonoclinic
OpalSiO2·nH2O
OskarssoniteAlF3Trigonal
Panichiite(NH4)2SnCl6Isometric
ParageorgbokiiteCu5(SeO3)2O2Cl2Monoclinic
ParalammeriteCu3(AsO4)2Monoclinic
ParascandolaiteKMgF3Isometric
ParatacamiteCu3(Cu,Zn)(OH)6Cl2Trigonal
Pauflerite(V4+O)SO4Orthorhombic
PentahydriteMgSO4·5H2OTriclinic
PericlaseMgOIsometric
PhoenicochroitePb2(CrO4)OMonoclinic
PhosphohedyphaneCa2Pb3(PO4)3ClHexagonal
PicromeriteK2Mg(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
PiypiteK4Cu4O2(SO4)4·(Na,Cu)ClTetragonal
PliniusiteCa5(VO4)3FHexagonal
Poitevinite(Cu,Fe)SO4·H2OTriclinic
PolyarsiteNa7CaMgCu2(AsO4)4F2ClMonoclinic
PonomareviteK4Cu4Cl10OMonoclinic
PortlanditeCa(OH)2Trigonal
Potassic-fluoro-richterite{K}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2Monoclinic
PrewittiteKPb1.5ZnCu6(SeO3)2O2Cl10Orthorhombic
PseudocotunniteK2PbCl4Orthorhombic
PseudolyonsiteCu3(VO4)2Monoclinic
PuniniteNa2Cu3O(SO4)3Monoclinic
Pyracmonite(NH4)3Fe(SO4)3Trigonal
PyromorphitePb5(PO4)3ClHexagonal
Ranciéite(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2·0.6H2OTrigonal
Rhabdoborite-(V)Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1)Hexagonal
Rhabdoborite-(W)Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} Hexagonal
RinneiteK3Na[FeCl6]Trigonal
RomanorloviteK8Cu6Cl17(OH)3Tetragonal
RondorfiteCa8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2Isometric
RosenbergiteAlF[F0.5(H2O)0.5]4·H2OTetragonal
Russoite(NH4)ClAs2O3(H2O)0.5Hexagonal
SalammoniacNH4ClIsometric
SaltonseaiteK3NaMnCl6 Trigonal
SanderiteMgSO4·2H2OOrthorhombic
SanguiteKCuCl3Monoclinic
SantiteK[B5O6(OH)4]·2H2OOrthorhombic
SarcoliteNa4Ca12Al8Si12O46(SiO4,PO4)(OH,H2O)4(CO3,Cl)Tetragonal
SassoliteH3BO3Triclinic
SbacchiiteCa2AlF7Orthorhombic
ScacchiteMnCl2Trigonal
Schäferite(NaCa2)Mg2(VO4)3Isometric
SellaiteMgF2Tetragonal
ShcherbinaiteV5+2O5Orthorhombic
ShuvaloviteK2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3FOrthorhombic
SiderazotFeNx to Fe3N1.33Hexagonal
SiderotilFeSO4·5H2OTriclinic
Stanleyite(V4+O)(SO4)·6H2OOrthorhombic
StarkeyiteMgSO4·4H2OMonoclinic
StarovaiteKCu5O(VO4)3 Triclinic
StekliteKAl(SO4)2Trigonal
SteropesiteTl3BiCl6Monoclinic
StoiberiteCu5(VO4)2O2Monoclinic
SulphohaliteNa6(SO4)2FClIsometric
SvabiteCa5(AsO4)3FHexagonal
SylviteKClIsometric
Takanelite(Mn,Ca)Mn4O9·H2OHexagonal
TelluriumTeTrigonal
TenoriteCuOMonoclinic
Therasiaite(NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5Monoclinic
ThermaerogeniteCuAl2O4Isometric
ThermessaiteK2AlF3(SO4)Orthorhombic
Thermessaite-(NH4)(NH4)2AlF3(SO4)Orthorhombic
ThermonatriteNa2CO3·H2OOrthorhombic
TilasiteCaMg(AsO4)FMonoclinic
TolbachiteCuCl2Monoclinic
TondiiteCu3Mg(OH)6Cl2Trigonal
TopsøeiteFeF[F0.5(H2O)0.5]4·H2OTetragonal
TronaNa3H(CO3)2·2H2OMonoclinic
Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2OIsometric
TugarinoviteMoO2Monoclinic
UdinaiteNaMg4(VO4)3Tetragonal
UsoviteBa2CaMgAl2F14Monoclinic
VanadiumVIsometric
VanthoffiteNa6Mg(SO4)4Monoclinic
VergasovaiteCu3(SO4)(MoO4,SO4)OOrthorhombic
VerneiteNa2Ca3Al2F14Isometric
VlodavetsiteAlCa2(SO4)2F2Cl·4H2OTetragonal
VonseniteFe2+2Fe3+(BO3)O2Orthorhombic
VurroitePb20Sn2(Bi,As)22S54Cl6Monoclinic
Wadalite(Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe3+)4((Si,Al)O4)3O4Cl3Isometric
YangzhumingiteKMg2.5(Si4O10)F2Monoclinic
YaroshevskiteCu9O2(VO4)4Cl2 Triclinic
Ziesiteβ-Cu2(V2O7)Monoclinic
ZiminaiteFe3+ 6 (VO4)6Triclinic
ElementCountPercent
HHydrogen10839.71%
BBoron165.88%
CCarbon103.68%
NNitrogen3211.76%
OOxygen21880.15%
FFluorine5720.96%
NaSodium5319.49%
MgMagnesium5118.75%
AlAluminium4215.44%
SiSilicon217.72%
PPhosphorus72.57%
SSulfur8230.15%
ClChlorine10137.13%
KPotassium6122.43%
CaCalcium3914.34%
TiTitanium20.74%
VVanadium3312.13%
CrChromium10.37%
MnManganese51.84%
FeIron3914.34%
NiNickel10.37%
CuCopper8631.62%
ZnZinc114.04%
AsArsenic238.46%
SeSelenium82.94%
BrBromine20.74%
RbRubidium10.37%
MoMolybdenum51.84%
CdCadmium20.74%
SnTin20.74%
TeTellurium20.74%
IIodine10.37%
CsCaesium10.37%
BaBarium10.37%
WTungsten20.74%
TlThallium93.31%
PbLead228.09%
BiBismuth93.31%

References

Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
 
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