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Minnesotaite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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07620810014946317368849.jpg
Minnesotaite

Bluebell Mine, Riondel, Slocan Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
01693290014946317437980.jpg
Minnesotaite

Thunderbird Mine, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
08003040016089261027706.jpg
Minnesotaite

Hibbing, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
08696160014960487798238.jpg
Minnesotaite

Bluebell Mine, Riondel, Slocan Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
07192470014952798853050.jpg
Minnesotaite

Thunderbird Mine, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
01376300016089260051205.jpg
Minnesotaite

Hibbing, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
08696160014960487798238.jpg
Minnesotaite

Bluebell Mine, Riondel, Slocan Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada
01693290014946317437980.jpg
Minnesotaite

Thunderbird Mine, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
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About MinnesotaiteHide

05486460014946317408798.jpg
Mahoning-Hull-Rust mine in operation, 2004

Mahoning-Hull-Rust Mine, Hibbing, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
Formula:
Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2
Colour:
Greenish-gray to olive green
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
3.01
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
For its occurrence in the state of Minnesota.
Compare also ferripyrophyllite.




Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
2722
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2722:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
ecfadc51-ec09-45a7-8151-ee63119cf31e

IMA Classification of MinnesotaiteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1944
Type description reference:
Gruner, J.W. (1944) The composition and structure of minnesotaite, a common iron silicate in iron formations. American Mineralogist: 29: 363-372.

Classification of MinnesotaiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):
9.EC.05

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 8th ed.:
71.2.1.5

71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.21.9

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
MnsIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
MnsSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
MnsWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
MinoThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
MnsWarr (2020)Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of MinnesotaiteHide

Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Low luster is common
Colour:
Greenish-gray to olive green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Micaceous on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Usually fine-grained
Density:
3.01 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.97 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of MinnesotaiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.578 - 1.583 nβ = 1.578 - 1.622 nγ = 1.615 - 1.623
2V:
Measured: 4°
Birefringence:
0.037-0.040
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.037 - 0.040
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= pale green
Z= colorless to pale greenish yellow

Chemistry of MinnesotaiteHide

Mindat Formula:
Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2
Elements listed:
Fe, H, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
Ti,Al,Mn,Ca,Na,K,H2O

Crystallography of MinnesotaiteHide

Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.623(2) Å, b = 9.419(2) Å, c = 9.624(3) Å
α = 85.21(3)°, β = 95.64(3)°, γ = 90.00°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.597 : 1 : 1.022
Unit Cell V:
505.46 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Usually fine-grained dense masses of microscopic plates or needles
Twinning:
Inferred from single crystal X-ray analysis

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
9.54 Å(100)
4.78 Å(20)
3.18 Å(50)
2.76 Å(30)
2.66 Å(40)
2.54 Å(30)
2.53 Å(50)
2.21 Å(20)
Comments:
2.54 and 2.53 frequently overlap; 41-594

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Geological Setting:
Low grade metamorphosed banded iron formations; also hydrothermal alteration around sulphide veins.

Type Occurrence of MinnesotaiteHide

Co-Type Localities:
ⓘ Cuyuna North Range, Crow Wing County, Minnesota, USA
ⓘ Mesabi Range, Minnesota, USA
ⓘ Drill Core M4450, St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Banded Iron Formation
Reference:
Gruner, J.W. (1944) The composition and structure of minnesotaite, a common iron silicate in iron formations. American Mineralogist: 29: 363-372.
Download:
https://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/uploads/AM29_363.pdf

Synonyms of MinnesotaiteHide

Other Language Names for MinnesotaiteHide

Simplified Chinese:铁滑石
Spanish:Minnesotaita

Relationship of Minnesotaite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Pyrophyllite-Talc Group
Other Members of this group:
FerripyrophylliteFe3+Si2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m
PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1
TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
WillemseiteNi3Si4O10(OH)2Mon.

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
1 photo of Minnesotaite associated with TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.EC.BalestraiteKLi2V5+Si4O12Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.MeifuiteKFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05WillemseiteNi3Si4O10(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.9.EC.VoloshiniteRb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.10FerripyrophylliteFe3+Si2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m
9.EC.10PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1
9.EC.10LuanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.10FluorluanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.10ManganiceladoniteK(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.10GarmiteCsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.10GorbunoviteCsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2Mon.
9.EC.15BoromuscoviteKAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m
9.EC.15CeladoniteK(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15Chernykhite(Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.15Montdorite(K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15NanpingiteCsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15ParagoniteNaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.15RoscoeliteK(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15Tobelite(NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15AluminoceladoniteK(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15ChromphylliteK(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15FerroaluminoceladoniteK(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15FerroceladoniteK(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15ChromceladoniteK(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.15TainioliteKLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15Ganterite(Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMgKLiMgAl2Si3O10F2Mon.
9.EC.15KreiteriteCsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.20AnniteKFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20EphesiteNaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.20HendricksiteKZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Masutomilite(K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.20NorrishiteKLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20PreiswerkiteNaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20SiderophylliteKFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.20TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20FluorotetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Wonesite(Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20EastoniteKMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.20TetraferrianniteKFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20TrilithioniteK(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20FluoranniteKFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20ShirokshiniteK(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20ShirozuliteKMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20SokolovaiteCsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.20AspidoliteNaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20FluorophlogopiteKMg3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi(Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2
9.EC.20Suhailite(NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20YangzhumingiteKMg2.5(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20OrloviteKLi2Ti(Si4O10)OFMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.20OxyphlogopiteK(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Chloroferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2
9.EC.22PimeliteNi3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2OHex.
9.EC.30Chlorophaeite(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O
9.EC.30MargariteCaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35Anandite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35BityiteCaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35ClintoniteCaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Kinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Ferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Oxykinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35FluorokinoshitaliteBaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40Beidellite(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40Kurumsakite(Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?)Orth.
9.EC.40Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40NontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40VolkonskoiteCa0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.40Yakhontovite(Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
9.EC.45HectoriteNa0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.45SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.45SauconiteNa0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.45SpadaiteMgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?)
9.EC.45Stevensite(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.45SwineforditeLi(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.45ZincsiliteZn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?)Mon.
9.EC.45FerrosaponiteCa0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.45HanjiangiteBa2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2FMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.50VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2OMon. 2/m
9.EC.52Tarasovitenear NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O
9.EC.55Baileychlore(Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8Tric. 1
9.EC.55Chamosite(Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55ClinochloreMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55Cookeite(LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8Mon. 2/m
9.EC.55FranklinfurnaceiteCa2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.55Gonyerite(Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8Orth.
9.EC.55Nimite(Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55Orthochamosite(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8
9.EC.55PennantiteMn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric.
9.EC.55SudoiteMg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55DonbassiteAl4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.55GlagoleviteNa(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.55Borocookeite(LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8Mon. m : Bb
9.EC.60AliettiteCa0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.60Corrensite(Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2OOrth.
9.EC.60DozyiteMg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12Mon.
9.EC.60HydrobiotiteK(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.60Karpinskite(Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?)Mon.
9.EC.60KulkeiteMg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10Mon.
9.EC.60LunijianlaiteLi0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10Mon.
9.EC.60Rectorite(Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2OMon.
9.EC.60Saliotite(Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.60TosuditeNa0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2OMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.60BrinrobertsiteNa0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2OMon.
9.EC.65Macaulayite(Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.70BurckhardtitePb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m
9.EC.75Ferrisurite(Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.75Surite(Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2Mon. 2 : P21
9.EC.75Niksergievite(Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.80KegelitePb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8Mon.

Fluorescence of MinnesotaiteHide

In UV light:
Not fluorescent

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for MinnesotaiteHide

References for MinnesotaiteHide

Reference List:
Lempart-Drozd, M., Błachowski, A. (2023): 57Fe Mössbauer studies of Fe2+-phyllosilicates dehydrogenation. 9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland / 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, "Oceanic lithosphere: rocks, minerals, and critical resources", October 19-22, Bielawa, Poland. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 51, 79.
Gruner, J.W. (1944) The composition and structure of minnesotaite, a common iron silicate in iron formations. American Mineralogist: 29: 363-372.
Fleischer, M. (1945) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 30: 548-550.
Klein, C. (1974) Greenalite, stilpnomelane, minnesotaite, crocidolite and carbonates in a very low-grade metamorphic Precambrian iron-formation. The Canadian Mineralogist: 12: 475-498.
Guggenheim, S., Bailey, S.W. (1982) The superlattice of minnesotaite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 20: 579-584.
Guggenheim, S., Eggleton, R.A. (1986) Structural modulations in iron-rich and magnesium-rich minnesotaite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 24: 479-497.
MacKenzie, K.J.D., Berezowski, R.M., Bowden, M.E. (1986) Thermal and Mössbauer studies of iron-containing hydrous silicates. VI. Minnesotaite. Thermochimica acta: 99: 273-289.
Papike, J.J. (1988) Chemistry of the rock-forming silicates: Multiple-chain, sheet, and framework structures. Reviews of Geophysics: 26: 407-444.
Coey, J.M.D., Bakas, T., Guggenheim, S. (1991) Mössbauer spectra of minnesotaite and ferroan talc. American Mineralogist: 76(11-12): 1905-1909.
Rasmussen, M.G., Evans, B.W., Kuehner, S.M. (1998) Low–temperature fayalite, greenalite, and minnesotaite from the Overlook gold deposit, Washington: phase relations in the system FeO–SiO2–H2O. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36: 147-162.
(2023) Minnesotaite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for MinnesotaiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • Northern Territory
    • Barkly Region
      • Tennant Creek
Skirrow (1993)
  • Victoria
    • Northern Grampians Shire
      • Stawell
www.earth2006.org.au (n.d.)
  • Western Australia
    • Ashburton Shire
      • Tom Price
Barley et al. (1999)
      • Wittenoom
        • Wittenoom Gorge
Grubb (1971)
    • Cue Shire
      • Madoonga Station
Gole (1980)
    • East Pilbara Shire
      • Newman
Angerer et al. (2022)
      • Weeli Wolli Creek Area
Lascelles (2006)
    • Yalgoo Shire
      • Retaliation Goldfield
        • Mount Gibson Conservation Reserve
Lascelles (2006)
Belarus
 
  • Mogilev Region
    • Babruysk District
Levitskiy et al. (2018, July)
Brazil
 
  • Pará
    • Parauapebas
      • Alemão Cu deposit
Huang et al. (2022)
Grainger et al. (2008)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Slocan Mining Division
      • Riondel
Handbook of Mineralogy. +2 other references
  • Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Labrador
Klein et al. (1976)
  • Ontario
    • Nipissing District
      • Strathy Township
Fyon (1986)
  • Québec
    • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
      • Rouyn-Noranda TE
Econ Geol. (1995) +1 other reference
    • Côte-Nord
      • Caniapiscau RCM
Guggenheim et al. (1986)
Lesher (1978) +1 other reference
Guggenheim et al. (1986)
Klein et al. (1976)
China
 
  • Inner Mongolia
    • Xilingol League (Xilinguole Prefecture)
      • Erenhot City (Erlianhaote Co.)
        • Wenduermiao Fe deposit
Feng Xiancan et al. (1986)
  • Shanxi
    • Lüliang
      • Lan County
Jinchu Zhu and Fusheng Zhang (1987)
  • Sichuan
    • Bazhong
      • Nanjiang Co.
Hongbing Hao and Wei Zhang (2001)
Czech Republic
 
  • Vysočina Region
    • Žďár nad Sázavou District
      • Bory
Fuksová (2010)
Finland
 
  • Lapland
    • Kittilä
Paakkola (1971)
India
 
  • Karnataka
    • Tumkur District
      • Chitradurga belt
Saravanan et al. (2009)
Ireland
 
  • Connacht
    • Galway County
      • Killimor
Schultz (1966) +2 other references
Italy
 
  • Piedmont
    • Cuneo Province
      • Oncino
Nisio et al. (1987)
  • Sardinia
    • Nuoro Province
      • Gadoni
Stara et al. (1999)
Romania
 
Hîrtopanu et al. (2003) +1 other reference
  • Suceava County
    • Iacobeni
minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008)
      • Tolovanu
Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference
Russia
 
  • Primorsky Krai
    • Olginsky District
Kazachenko et al. (2013)
South Africa
 
  • North West
    • Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality
      • Ratlou Local Municipality
Hammond et al. (2006)
  • Northern Cape
    • John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality
      • Joe Morolong Local Municipality
        • Hotazel
Cairncross et al. (1995)
Spain
 
  • Murcia
Gaines et al. (1997)
Sweden
 
  • Örebro County
    • Hällefors
      • Hjulsjö
Baker (1985)
Tanzania
 
  • Geita Region
    • Lake Victoria Goldfield
Kühn (2009)
UK
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
Handbook of Mineralogy. +2 other references
Ukraine
 
  • Donetsk Oblast
    • Azov Sea Region
      • Eastern Azov area
Sharygin et al. (2014)
USA
 
  • Arkansas
    • Garland County
      • Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs)
Rocks & Min.: 63:108.
  • Massachusetts
    • Essex County
Bozhilov et al. (2001)
  • Michigan
    • Baraga County
Heinrich et al. (2004)
...
...
      • Champion
Morris Jr. (1983)
      • Palmer
Morris Jr. (1983)
      • Republic
- (2005)
  • Minnesota
Jay Ellis Ransom
    • Crow Wing County
Blake (1965) +1 other reference
USGS Prof Paper 407
        • Riverton
Blake (1965) +1 other reference
Morey et al. (1993)
    • Itasca County
      • Mesabi Range
- (2005)
- (2005)
Guggenheim et al. (1983)
    • St. Louis County
Can Mineral September 1986 v. 24 no. 3 ...
Am Min 29:363-372
- (2005)
Erik Vercammen collection
- (2005)
55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2005)
  • New Mexico
    • McKinley County
NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ...
  • Washington
    • Ferry County
      • Belcher Mining District
Can Mineral February 1998 v. 36 no. 1 ... +2 other references
  • Wisconsin
    • Ashland County
Cordua (1998)
    • Iron County
      • Gogebic Range
        • Montreal
Cordua (1998)
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